一、 语言因素在听力中的运用
听力理解可分为字面理解和深层理解。要做到字面理解，就必须具备一定的语音知识、一定的词汇知识和一定的语法知识。也只有在理解字面意思的基础上才有可能对听力材料进行深层次的理解，所以语言因素是听力理解的基穿我们常提到的语言因素包括：
1、语音知识
听力不同于阅读，要求同学们必须具备准确辨音的能力，这是口头交际的基穿在正确掌握每个单词的发音的同时，必须注意以下几个方面：
（1）英语中最小对立体的发音，如ship---sheep, cheap ---- chip, pig ---peg, sack ---sock等，有针对性地进行发音训练，比如绕口令之类的练习，如She sells sea cells by the seashore. If she sells sea cells by the seashore, then she sells seashore cells，适当加强一些针对性的听力练习。
（2）重读与弱读：汉语是一个汉字一个音节，而英语中的一个单词可能就有好多音节，这就造成了英汉节奏的差别。而英语中的一些虚词一般要弱读，这有可能会给听力造成一定的困难。对此也应该进行专项训练。如：
What's the time? Sing us a song. I've eaten them all. He has already visited a great number of different places in Australia.(红体部分的音节重读)
（3）连读：连读时语速加快，连读的单词之间没有了间隔，会给理解带来困难。如：
in ˇor ˇout, yearˇ in and year ˇout, for ˇan ˇhour
（4）意群：听力时不能一个单词一个单词地去理解，应该注意意群，因为意群之间间隔之处正是停顿之处，注意下列语句朗读时停顿的差别：
John said, " My father is here."
"John," said my father, "is here."
She likes pineapples.?
She likes pie and apples.
He sold his houseboat and trailer.
He sold his house, boat, and trailer.
（5）注意同音字：有些单词发音相同，也可能给听力理解带来困难，如：
What is black and white, and read (red) all over?
这里在听的时候，很难分请是read还是red。
（6）语调：语调是说话者表达情感的一种手段，同样一个句子如果语调不同，则意思就有可能发生变化，如：
Open the door, will you? ↗
Open the door, won't you? ↘
用声调表示一种请求，用降调表示命令。
What? ↗What?↘↗升调表示疑问，降升表示吃惊和不相信。
测试中同样有可能考查语调的作用，如：
①(1996年1月第2题)
W：What an accident!If you've been careful, things would not be as
they are.
M: What do you mean? It was my↗fault? ↘If it were, ↘ surely
I'll take all responsibility for it.
Q：What's the man mean?
A: He is not to blame
B: It was his fault
C: He will accept all resposibity
D: He will be more careful next time
陈述句尾用升调，加强反问语气，If短语与surely用降调，表明说话人对情况的不认同和敢于承担责任的态度，显然他认为自己是不该受责备的，故选A。
2、词汇和语法
（1）注意扩充词汇量：研究发现，词汇量是影响听力的主要因素之一，词汇量的匮乏往往是造成听力能力提高的首要因素。因此，同学们在训练听力技巧的同时，应注意词汇量的扩充。
（2）加强同义表达方式的听力训练：在听力选择中，相当一部分情况下，答案就是对话信息的同义表达方式。如：
①（1995年6月第7题）
M: I'm getting absolutely nowhere with these Physics problems.
W: How about my going through them with you?
Q: What does the woman mean?
A. She could help him with the problems.
B. He should go out for a while.
C. She could go out together with him.
D. He should do the problems himself.
Go through them with you 与 help him with the problems意思一样，故选A。
② （1995年6月第6题）
M: Excuse me, but I didn't hear clearly what you said. Did you say
that your teaching assistant would mark the exam papers?
W: No. I said he would collect the papers. I'll grade them myself.
Q: What did the woman say about the exam?
A.Her teaching assistant would grade the exam papers.
B.She would collect the exam papers herself.
C.She would mark the exam papers herself.
D.She would not give her students an exam.
Grade与mark同义，所以选C。
（3）加强语法概念的单句理解练习：听力测试中有相当一部分情况下，有对语法结构表意功能的考查，如虚拟语气的含义，建议的表达方式等。如：
①（1995年6月第7题）
M: I'm getting absolutely nowhere with these Physics problems.
W: How about my going through them with you?
Q: What does the woman mean?
A. She could help him with the problems.
B. He should go out for a while.
C. She could go out together with him.
D. He should do the problems himself.
How about 用来提出建议，所以对此类固定语法结构的掌握是听力测试的一个方面。
②（1998年1月第1题）
W：I haven't had much exercise lately. My only recreation has been
watching TV or going to the movies. What do you do for
recreation?
M: In summer I like playing tennis instead of swimming and
boating, and my favorite sport in the winter is skating.
Q: What is the man's favorite sport in summer?
A. Swimming B. Playing tennis
C. Boating D. Playing table tennis
Instead of 表示的是排除在外的意思，故选B。
